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Журнал «» Том 19, №1-2, 2026

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Cтатево-гендерні аспекти кардіоваскулярних ризиків: сучасний стан проблеми та український контент

Авторы: Губська О.Ю., Шараєва М.Л., Ткаченко В.І., Панін А.В., Кузьмінець А.А.
Національний медичний університет ім. О.О. Богомольця, м. Київ, Україна

Рубрики: Кардиология

Разделы: Справочник специалиста

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Резюме

Серцево-судинні захворювання (ССЗ) залишаються провідною причиною захворюваності та смертності у світі, що зумовлює актуальність вивчення особливостей кардіоваскулярного ризику та перебігу кардіологічних станів на сучасному етапі. Тривалий час упередженість щодо розвитку та клінічних проявів ССЗ у жінок перешкоджала своєчасній діагностиці, профілактиці й лікуванню. Водночас сучасна концепція персоналізованої медицини сприяла перегляду ролі статі як сукупності біологічних чинників і гендера як комплексу соціально-психологічних детермінант у формуванні кардіоваскулярного ризику протягом усього життєвого циклу людини. Метою даного огляду є узагальнення сучасних наукових даних щодо статево-гендерних особливостей кардіоваскулярного ризику. Проведено аналіз оглядових та оригінальних наукових публікацій, поданих в базах даних PubMed і Google Scholar за останні роки, із застосуванням методів системного аналізу літератури. Встановлено, що традиційні фактори ризику, зокрема артеріальна гіпертензія, дисліпідемія, цукровий діабет, куріння й ожиріння, мають різний вплив залежно від статі. Важливу роль у формуванні відмінностей відіграють гормональні механізми, ендотеліальна дисфункція та кардіометаболічні порушення, які на сьогодні вважаються провідними факторами. Актуальними залишаються проблеми недостатньої обізнаності щодо сучасних факторів кардіометаболічного ризику. Підкреслена роль артеріальної гіпертензії як модифікованого фактора у формуванні кардіоваскулярного ризику і його наслідків. Крім біологічних чинників підкреслена роль гендерних соціально-економічних і культурних аспектів, які мають вирішальний вплив на розвиток ССЗ. Окрему увагу приділено повномасштабній військовій агресії в Україні, що спричиняє хронічний психосоціальний стрес, зміни способу життя й обмеження доступу до медичної допомоги, посилюючи негативний вплив кардіоваскулярних факторів ризику. Упровадження скринінгових програм, підвищення доступності сучасних методів лікування і персоналізований підхід до ведення пацієнтів мають вирішальне значення для запобігання серцево-судинним катастрофам. Отже, статево-гендерні відмінності суттєво впливають на кардіоваскулярний ризик, клінічні прояви та прогноз ССЗ. Перспективними напрямами залишаються впровадження персоналізованого підходу, розвиток гендерно-орієнтованих стратегій профілактики та проведення подальших проспективних досліджень, зокрема в умовах сучасних соціальних викликів.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, which determines the relevance of studying the characteristics of cardiovascular risk and the course of cardiac conditions at the present stage. For a long time, bias regarding the development and clinical manifestations of CVD in women hindered timely diagnosis, prevention and treatment. At the same time, the modern concept of personalized medicine contributed to the revision of the role of sex as a set of biological factors and gender as a complex of social and psychological determinants in the formation of cardiovascular risk throughout the human life cycle. The purpose of this review is to summarize current scientific data on the sex and gender characteristics of cardiovascular risk. An analysis of review and original scientific publications in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases of recent years was conducted using systematic literature analysis methods. It has been found that traditional risk factors, in particular hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity, affect men and women differently. Hormonal mechanisms, endothelial dysfunction and cardiometabolic disorders, which are considered leading factors, play an important role in the formation of differences. The problems of insufficient awareness of modern cardiometabolic risk factors remain relevant. The role of hypertension as a modifiable factor in the formation of cardiovascular risk and its consequences is emphasized. In addition to biological factors, the role of gender-based socio-economic and cultural aspects is crucial for the development of CVD. Special attention is paid to the impact of full-scale military aggression in Ukraine, which is accompanied by chronic psychosocial stress, lifestyle changes and limited access to medical care, enhancing the negative impact of cardiovascular risk factors. The implementation of screening programs, increasing the availability of modern treatment methods and a personalized approach to patient management are remarkable in preventing cardiovascular disasters. Thus, sex and gender differences have a significant impact on cardiovascular risk, clinical manifestations, and CVD outcomes. The implementation of a personalized approach, the development of gender-oriented prevention strategies, and further prospective studies remain a promising direction, particularly in the context of modern social challenges.


Ключевые слова

серцево-судинні захворювання; кардіоваскулярний ризик; гендерні відмінності; стать; метаболічні порушення; артеріальна гіпертензія

cardiovascular diseases; cardiovascular risk; gender differences; sex; metabolic disorders; hypertension


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